{"id":10990,"date":"2023-07-31T16:10:39","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T16:10:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/economicherald.net\/?p=10990"},"modified":"2023-07-31T16:10:39","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T16:10:39","slug":"china-kicks-the-semiconductor-chip-war-up-a-notch-as-gallium-and-germanium-restrictions-come-in-to-play","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/economicherald.net\/?p=10990","title":{"rendered":"China kicks the semiconductor chip war up a notch as gallium and germanium restrictions come in to play"},"content":{"rendered":"

China\u2019s export controls on gallium and germanium<\/a> come into effect today with licensing procedures with provincial governments now required to export them freely.<\/p>\n

Both metals are critical components in semiconductor chips, the building blocks of the technology used in IT, smartphones, computers, EVs and military applications like radars, lasers and spy satellites.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s share of global production capacity on the two metals is an eye-watering 68% and ~90% according to stats from the US Geological Survey.<\/p>\n

In a nutshell, Chinese authorities will need to provide approval to exporters to ship the rare commodities in a move \u2018to preserve security and national interests\u2019.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s a bit of a tit-for-tat trade tech war that\u2019s been brewing between East and West for a while, with the Biden administration launching a suite of export controls in October last year which included a measure to cut China off from certain semiconductor chips made anywhere in the world with US equipment.<\/p>\n

Japan and the Netherlands followed suit,<\/a> with the Chinese measures announced just days after the Netherlands said they planned to limit the sale of high-end chipmaking equipment abroad \u2013 a move that will effectively bar ASML, the Dutch company producing the world\u2019s most advanced semiconductor-making tools, from reaching Chinese companies<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But the move could potentially backfire in the short term.<\/p>\n

According to Argus Metals, the new measures could hamper US supplies, trickling down to the semiconductor, electronics and defence industries.<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

China imposes exports restrictions on gallium and germanium, along with their chemical compounds, both used in chip high-tech and chips.<\/p>\n

According to @USGS<\/a>, China produces ~98% of the world\u2019s gallium and ~70% of germanium.<\/p>\n

US imported ~$265 million worth of the two metals.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Javier Blas (@JavierBlas) July 3, 2023<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Germanium a key component in semiconductors<\/h2>\n

Germanium is a key component in infrared, fibre optics and high-end semiconductors, while the US primarily relies on gallium in gallium-arsenide and gallium-nitride for semiconductor components.<\/p>\n

In January to May this year, the US imported over 10 metric tonnes of germanium, both metals and oxides, up 21pc from the same period last year, according to customs data.<\/p>\n

China accounted for just under three-quarters of this volume followed distantly by Belgium and Germany with a combined 24pc share.<\/p>\n

However, germanium is a byproduct of zinc and there are zinc producers in America like Canadian miner Teck Resources with its Red Dog mine in Alaska, and Dutch zinc producer Nyrstar operates a zinc facility in Tennessee \u2013 so there\u2019s a few options for potential supply.<\/p>\n

Plus, Nyrstar\u2019s Tasmanian zinc business, which includes the Hobart smelter, could well become Australia\u2019s first source of the rare metals.<\/p>\n

A critical metals white paper last month showed Nyrstar could add processing steps at its Aussie zinc business to produce 7t of germanium and 14-17t of indium annually.<\/p>\n

It may not seem like much, but that\u2019s actually 5% of the whole germanium market, meaning it would be a significant contributor to the global supply chain.<\/p>\n

But it does require the production of zinc or alumina to stack up economically before germanium comes into the picture.<\/p>\n

So far, Argus says germanium prices have been relatively stable since China\u2019s announcement, increasing slightly from CN\u00a5400\/kg on 3 July to CN\u00a5550\/kg ex-works on 19 July for 5N metal in China and from $1,340\/kg to $1,390\/kg in Europe.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

What about gallium?<\/h2>\n

According to the US Geological Survey, the US imports around US$225 million worth of gallium largely in the form of gallium arsenide wafers.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s used in the manufacture of semiconductor wafers in integrated circuits, around 74% of the American market, along with light and light sensitive devices like laser diodes, LEDs, photodetectors and solar cells.<\/p>\n

In other words, it is central to everything modern from aerospace to consumer goods, industrial equipment, medical equipment and telecommunications.<\/p>\n

Argus flagged that in 2022, China accounted for just 7pc of the gallium-arsenide volumes, but if other partner countries such as Finland, which supplied over 56pc of total wafer volumes, experience supply cuts for gallium \u201cthen wafer supplies would ultimately tighten as well.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gallium is mainly produced as a byproduct of refining bauxite \u2013 the ore for aluminum, and while there could be over 1Mt of gallium contained in bauxite and zinc resources worldwide, less than 10% could be potentially recoverable.<\/p>\n

While many countries could see a supply squeeze because of limited options for alternative supplies outside of China, \u201cthe true impact is unlikely to be known until controls come into force and the procedures for obtaining export licences are further clarified,\u201d Argus says.<\/p>\n

Gallium prices in particular in China and Europe have increased substantially since Beijing\u2019s announcement of new export regulations on 3 July.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Argus flagged that prices have risen from CN\u00a51,695\/kg on 3 July to CN\u00a52,025\/kg ex-works on 19 July in China, and from $282.50\/kg to $332.50\/kg cif (Cost, insurance and freight) main airport in Europe.<\/p>\n

Who\u2019s got gallium or germanium on the ASX?<\/h2>\n

Battery Age Minerals (ASX:BM8)<\/a> owns the Bleiberg project in Austria which was once a major producer of zinc and lead and at one point was among the largest primary germanium producers globally.<\/p>\n

Gallium mineralisation has also been found in historical workings, though it was never extracted by previous owners.<\/p>\n

News of the Chinese restrictions was well-timed for Battery Age, primarily focused on the Falcon Lake lithium project in Ontario, Canada, who\u2019ve now pegged additional extensions to the west-northwest of Bleiberg\u2019s historic workings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s a move that could prove to have real strategic potential in light of China\u2019s trade attack.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are pleased to have secured additional ground adjacent to our existing Bleiberg Zinc-Lead-Germanium Project,\u201d BM8 MD Gerard O\u2019Donovan said last month.<\/p>\n

\u201cBased on our early desktop studies and a site visit, we have identified additional prospective land which merited strategic expansion of our claims.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe now look forward to progressing exploration activities over the coming months to evaluate the potential of this project for our shareholders.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mt Burgess Mining (ASX:MTB)<\/a>\u00a0was talking up the gallium and germanium potential of its Kihabe-Nxuu project even before the potential Chinese trading restrictions were announced.<\/p>\n

Located on Botswana\u2019s border with Namibia, Nxuu has an indicated and inferred resource of 6Mt at 1.8% zinc equivalent, including 64,000t zinc, 32,000t lead, 1.04Moz silver, 2600t vanadium pentoxide, 16t of gallium and 61t of germanium at a 0.5% zinc cutoff.<\/p>\n

Kihabe hosts 21Mt at 2% ZnEq, including 321,000t zinc and 154,000t of lead. But MTB has yet to assay there for gallium and germanium.<\/p>\n

Its gallium exploration target comes in at a large 75-100Mt at a grade of 9-12ppm or grams to the tonne.<\/p>\n

Core samples are in Australia awaiting test work to determine how gallium and germanium can be recovered at Kihabe, with early work showing the mica that contained the gallium and germanium was amenable to flotation, typically resulting in high recovery in a concentrate.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Interesting share price movement this week in junior explorer, Mount Burgess Mining $MTB<\/a>, from $0.001 to $0.006. MTB is exploring its Kihabe-Nxuu Zn-Pb-Ag-Cu-V-Ga-Ge Project in western Botswana. A possible catalyst is a China ban from 1 Aug on some gallium and germanium products. pic.twitter.com\/GvMlptfrnn<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2014 Gavin Wendt (@MineLifeReport) July 5, 2023<\/a><\/p>\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Golden Deeps (ASX:GED)<\/a>\u00a0has stumbled over germanium and gallium at the Nosib vanadium-copper-lead-silver project in Namibia, days after the restrictions were announced.<\/p>\n

GED says examination of one drillhole has returned hits like 8.70m @ 128g\/t Ga, 11.3g\/t Ge (1.84% Cu, 1.88% V2O5, 10.2% Pb, 3.6g\/t Ag) from surface.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe nearest project to us, the Tsumeb mine, averaged around 50g\/t germanium,\u201d CEO Jon Dugdale told\u00a0Stockhead.<\/p>\n

\u201cSo, it is in the ballpark of what people have been producing as by-product to get some value from it.\u201d<\/p>\n

Metallurgical concentrate testwork is close to completion, which will allow the company to finalise a maiden resource for Nosib.<\/p>\n

Expectations are that gallium and germanium will be recovered in the concentrate alongside vanadium, copper, lead, zinc and silver.<\/p>\n


\nGold 50 (ASX:G50)<\/a> announced last week it had drilled into gallium paydirt in 11 of 14 holes at the polymetallic Golconda project in Arizona, including a highlight 308m at 28.6g\/t from surface.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s not true width, and we don\u2019t know if those grades are consistent across the entire intercept.<\/p>\n

Golconda was historically mined for lead and zinc, but also contains high grade gold, silver \u2026 and now gallium. It is also right next door to a big copper porphyry.<\/p>\n

The company says the benefits of this gallium find are twofold: one, it provides a \u2018vector\u2019 for base and precious metal mineralisation and two, it represents a significant credit in zinc concentrates.<\/p>\n

G50 says higher grades of gallium and indium are expected to be found with the high-grade zinc-lead lodes that it has yet to target with drilling.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe look forward to following up our recent high-grade gold discovery with further drilling to better understand the extensive thicknesses of gallium present in the recent drilling,\u201d MD Mark Wallace said.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

BM8, MTB, GED and G50 share prices today:<\/h2>\n\n

\ufeff<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n

A few other players on the field<\/h2>\n

Other companies worth mentioning include Hastings Technology Metals (ASX:HAS)<\/a> which is focused on advancing construction of\u00a0its Yangibana rare earths project, but also holds the Brockman heavy rare earths project in WA, which contains high quantities of niobium pentoxide and zirconium oxide, as well as the rare metals tantalum, hafnium and\u2026 gallium.<\/p>\n

Godolphin Resoures (ASX:GRL)<\/a> has the Narraburra project which contains 94.9 million tonnes at 739ppm TREO, including a higher-grade component of 20 million tonnes at 1,079ppm TREO.<\/p>\n

But interestingly, the project had a previously reported resource which included 54g\/t gallium.<\/p>\n

No word yet on whether these explorers are delving deeper into the gallium potential of these projects.<\/p>\n

There\u2019s also a couple of non-resources companies on the ASX which rely on gallium to do business \u2013 and could conceivably be on the pointy end of the stick when it comes to tightening of supply.<\/p>\n

Semiconductor player Bluglass (ASX:BLG)<\/a>\u00a0makes gallium nitride (GaN) lasers for original equipment manufacturers (OEM) in the quantum and industrial robotics segments \u2013 a high-value, high-margin semiconductor sector \u2013\u00a0which it says is worth around US$2.5 billion.<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBluGlass has been in contact with its primary gallium suppliers, who have indicated no short-term impact to supply,\u201d BLG said.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe company is monitoring the situation closely with its suppliers and will update the market should there be any material change.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

HAS, GRL and BLG share prices today:<\/h2>\n\n

\ufeff<\/span>\ufeff<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n

At Stockhead we tell it like it is. While Hastings Technology Metals, Battery Age Minerals and Godolphin Resources are Stockhead advertisers, they did not sponsor this article.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

The post China kicks the semiconductor chip war up a notch as gallium and germanium restrictions come in to play<\/a> appeared first on Stockhead<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China\u2019s export controls on gallium and germanium come into effect today with licensing procedures with provincial governments now required to export them freely. 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